The research service titled Grid Integration Challenges of Renewable Energy in South Africa deals with the issues involved with interconnecting variable renewable energy generation facilities into the South African transmission and distribution grid network. Renewable energy poses a new challenge to transmission system operators due to its inherent intermittency, uncertainty, as well as the fact that it cannot be dispatched. However, as the Grid Integration Challenges of Renewable Energy in South Africa research service concludes, these issues only start becoming a major issue at relatively high renewable energy penetration rates.